5,6

5 Passive

Passives : be + past participle of a transitive verb

What should be done if we want to focus on the person or thing affected by the action ? we use passive

What is the difference between passive and in the normal form? in the normal form the sub comes first but in the passive we use the person or thing affected by the action at begining of the sentence .

Active verb : what the subject does

Passive verb : what happens to the subject

We have modal passive , passive infinitives and gerunds ,pay attention to the examples :

If you are violent , you will be arrested.

He expects most of the book to be finished before the weekend.

I don’t like being asked about my private life.

Can we create passives from all of the verbs ?

We can’t. passives are created from verbs with objects (transitive verbs ) . these verbs can have one object or two ( a direct object and an indirect one ) .

What is the agent ? the person or thing that does the action .

Can we have the agent in a passive sentence ?

We can but we use it in a by-phrase after the verb

Example : Hamlet was written by Shakespeare .

So when do we use the with-phrase ?we use with-phrase for the thing used to perform the action and by-phrase for the agent of an action .

We have an informal situation what we usually do?

We use get + p.p. instead of be + p.p.

6

Articles : the and a/an

a/an are used for classifying mentioning for the first time )but the is used for identifying (things are known ) .

what do we use when sth is not a single unit or it is uncountable a/an or no article ? no article

what do we use for …

1- Specific meaning ? the

2- General meaning ? no article

Countable nouns

1- Singular

2- Plural

Uncountable nouns : are used with single verbs but not to refer to individual things .

Countable and Uncountable uses for the below words :

It depends on whether we are referring to a single thing or general idea.

Business

Chicken

Hair

Noise

…..

Nouns :

Generic nouns

Pair nouns refer to things made of two matching parts we use like trousers.

Group nouns or collective nouns

Plural nouns

singular (+s) nouns

• Words that end in the -s
• Appear to be plural
• But are used with singular verbs

Possessive nouns :

• Sth belongs to a particular thing
• Adding ’s to most nouns
• Adding ’ to nouns ending in s

Compound nouns :

Consist of two or more words

When we want to introduce new things we use a/an but when they will become the old news we use The .

This term class is more interesting and attractive . the only problem is about role plays . unfortunately even though I listen to them in the class I don’ get the specific grammar points that are used in it.

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