Third e-joual

Unit 3 is about modals. We use modals to show prediction, willingness, ability, permission, possibility, necessity, deduction, obligation and advice. Modals include can, could, may, might, must, ought, shall, should, will, would. As we progress in this unit we will get familiar with different uses of modals.
Modals are single words that always have the same form and are used before the base forms of the verbs.
Phrasal modals Can be used instead of modals but they are verb phrases that begin with be or have.
Using phrasal modals instead of modals :
After a modal
Where an infinite is needed
Where a gerund is needed
Perfect forms
Gerund forms
Complex modals :
Modal perfect = modal + have + p.p
Modal continues = modal + be +present perfect
Modal perfect continues = modal + have been + present perfect
Modal passive = modal + be / have been + p.p
Prediction : will, would, be going to, shall
Will :
Prediction :1- predictable situation 2- predictions based on past experience or knowledge
What we think is most likely
+ perfect = prediction about an event already happened at some future time
Express determination
Would :
Hypothetical situation
+ perfect = prediction about an imaginary past event
Be going to :
Prediction based on what we feel
A decision already made
Sth is starting to happen
Shall with I or we :
Make or ask for offers in questions or suggestions
Express determination
Willingness : will and would
Will :
Willingness right now
Won’t = a person/things or machine refuses to do something
Would :
Willingness in the future
In conditional sentences
Willingness but not able to
Wouldn’t = a person/things or machine refuses to do something
Habits and preferences : will and would
Will :
Present habits
Typical behavior
Would (not will)
Habitual actions in the past
With verbs expressing preferences
After the verb wish
Ability : can, could, be able to
Can :
General ability
Could :
General ability in the past
Able to (not can and could) :
Infinitives
Gerunds
Modals
In perfect
Not in the continuous
Am/is/are able to (not can) = General ability in formal situations
Was/were able to (not could) = achievement of something difficult in the past
Could (not can or be able to) + perfect = talk about an ability not used
Permission : can, could, may, might, be allowed to :
Can/could :
Ask for permission
(not could) =give or refuse permission
(not may /could) = talking about laws and rules
May :
Formal situations = ask or give permission
(not might) = in formal rules
Be allowed to (not may/might) :
Getting permission on a specific occasions
In phrasal modals structures
Possibility : may, might, can, could
May and might :
Something is possible now or later
+ perfect = something happened before now
(not might) = a possible situation is common
(not may) Reporting thoughts after verbs in past / what was possible in the past
Something happened before now
Make a concession before a clause with but
Can and could :
A situation is or was possible
(not can) = speculate/ask “it’s possible that…. . /? “
+perfect = speculate about possibility of an earlier event
Make suggestions about possible actions
When we ask people to do something
May/might or can /could?
May, might or could (not can) :
something is possible now or later
Before phrasal modals
Before continuous or perfect
(not may) + perfect = express irritation
May not /might not = possible not
Can not (cannot) /could not = not possible
Necessity :must, have to, have got to, need to, needn’t
Must and mustn’t :
Something is necessary
Encourage someone to do something important
Emphasizing on an opinion
(not) To tell people not thing/say things
Have to, do not have to and have got to :
Have to instead of must
not being in control of what is necessary or required
In questions
Ask what was necessary in the past
Phrasal modal structures
Don’t have to (not mustn’t) = when something is not necessary
Have (not do) + got to = forming negatives or questions
Need to, don’t need to, needn’t :
Need to =have to : when something is/isn’t necessary
Needn’t/need not (without to) : something is not necessary on a particular occasion
Don’t need to = not necessary in general
Needn’t have + past participle = something unnecessary was done
Deduction : must, have to, have got to, can’t and couldn’t
Must :
A particular deduction is very certain
Modal continues = a deduction about what is happening now
+ perfect :A deduction about what has happened already / Reporting a deduction in clauses after past tense verbs
Have to/have got to instead of must : a deduction in informal situations
Can’t /couldn’t (not mustn’t) :
In negative deductions
+ perfect =negative deductions about earlier events
Obligation and advice : should, ought to, be supposed to, had better
Should :
Express an obligation
What is expected
What we think is an appropriate idea
We Ask/give advice /waing
Something is likely because we expect it
+perfect = something good didn’t happen / as way of expressing regret
Ought to, be supposed to and had better
Ought to :
= should
Negatives : oughtn’t to / ought not to
Be supposed to :
= should : in informal situations
(not should) report what others think is true
Had better :
A strong version of should when we recommend / wa against something

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